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International Criminal Law

Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 10 December 1984 (entered into force 26 June 1987) 1465 U.N.T.S. 85 [CAT].
Signed N/A, Ratified 1997
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Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, 15 November 2000 (entered into force 15 November 2000) 2241 U.N.T.S. 507 [Palermo Protocol].
Signed 2002, Ratified 2007

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Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, 15 November 2000 (entered into force 15 December 2000) 2237 U.N.T.S 319 [Palermo Protocol]
Signed 2002, Ratified 2007

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United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime, 15 November 2000 (entered into force 29 September 2003) 2225 U.N.T.S 209.
Signed 2002, Ratified 2005

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Slavery Convention, 25 September 1926 (entered into force 7 July 1955), 60 L.N.T.S. 253. Ratified 1973 PDF

International Human Rights Law

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, 18 December 1979, 1249 U.N.T.S 513 [CEDAW].
Signed 2000, Ratified 200
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Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, 7 March 1966, 660 U.N.T.S 195 [CERD].
Ratified 1997  
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Convention on the Rights of the Child, 20 November 1989, 1577 U.N.T.S. 3 [CRC].

 Ratified 1996  
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Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UN General Assembly Resolution A/RES/217 A (III), 10 December 1948, Art 14. [UDHR].

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International Humanitarian Law/Law of War

Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, 12 August 1949 (entered into force 21 October 1950) 75 U.N.T.S. 31[First Geneva Convention]. Ratified 1963

Link to Conv.

Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea, 12 August 1949 (entered into force 21 October 1950) 75 U.N.T.S. 85 [Second Geneva Convention].

Ratified 1963

Link to Conv.

Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, 12 August 1949 (entered into force 21 October 1950) 75 U.N.T.S. 135

Ratified 1963 [Third Geneva Convention].

Link to Conv.

Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, 12 August 1949 (entered into force 21 October 1950) 75 U.N.T.S. 287 [Fourth Geneva Convention]. Ratified 1963

Link to Conv.

Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts, 8 June 1977 (entered into force Dec. 7, 1978.) 1125 U.N.T.S. 3 [Protocol I].
Ratified 1987

Link to Protocol.

Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts, 8 June 1977 (entered into force 7 December 1978) 1125 U.N.T.S. 609
Ratified 2001 [Protocol II].

Link to Protocol

International Labor Law 

ILO Convention C 111 Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention (1958).

Ratified 1978

Link to Conv.

ILO Convention C 29 Forced or Compulsory Labour Convention (1932).

Ratified 1978

ILO Multilateral Framework on Labour Migration (2005).

Link to Framework

Protocol to the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) (Movement of Natural Persons), 16 October, 1995 (entered into force 26 July 1996), L167, P. 43 [Protocol III]

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Below are links to various databases that provide statistics and figures relevant to the movement of people in and out of Saudi Arabia:  

Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
IDMC-Saudi Arabia

Link to Researchers

 Bel-Air, Françoise De  “Demography, Migration and Labour Market in Saudi Arabia.” European University Institute, Migration Policy Center Gulf Research Center (2014). Link to PDF

Keyword: migration, labor, market, Saudi Arabia, deportation, citizenship 

This report provides extensive details on the outward and inward migration flows and stocks of Saudi Arabia. 

Nadim, Waseem, et al. "Depression among Migrant Workers in Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia." Journal of Affective disorders 206 (2016): 103-8. Link to Article

Keyword: depression, migrants, mental, health, migrant, workers

This research examines the correlation, if any, between conditions and duration of work for migrant workers, and depression in Al Qassim, Saudi Arabia. It finds that depression was common among the population, however, it did not vary with the conditions and duration of work.

Okruhlik, Gwenn, and Patrick Conge. "National Autonomy, Labor Migration and Political Crisis: Yemen and Saudi Arabia." Middle East Journal 51.4 (1997): 554. (Summary adapted from link) Link to Article

Keyword: autonomy, labor, migration, political, crisis, Yemen, Saudi Arabia

In this article, the authors examine how the struggles of state to assert their autonomy affect the international flow of labor basing their conclusion on the Gulf crises in the summer of 1990. Examining Saudi Arabia and Yemen, the authors find that weak states engaged in the transfer of labor resist political accommodation even at the expense of profitable economic transactions. 

Sevilla, Henelito A. "Nationalization Scheme (Nitaqat) in Saudi Arabia and the Condition of Filipino Migrant Workers." Journal of Identity & Migration Studies 9.2 (2015): 7-23. Link to PDF

Keyword: Filipino, migrant, workers, Saudi Arabia, nationalization, policy, GCC

This article elucidates the conditions of Filipino migrants workers in Saudi Arabia, since the Saudization policy in 2011 by examining the policy from a Filipino perspective. The author argues that the Saudization policy has been a driver for GCC governments nationalizations policies that gravely impact migrant workers. 

Silvey, Rachel. "Transnational Domestication: State Power and Indonesian Migrant Women in Saudi Arabia." Political Geography 23 (2004): 245-64. (Summary adapted from resource) Link to Article

Keywords: transnational migration, gender, the state, domestic labor, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia. 

The author explores the role of Indonesia and Saudi Arabia in shaping the migration of Indonesian women between the two countries, and the challenges the two states' jurisdictional scopes have created  in conjunction with international labor migration circuit. In particular, the article analyzes the role of the two states in regulating migration and working conditions of Indonesians employed in Saudi Arabia and their influence on the feminization of the migrant labor force, the limitation of their policies for protecting migrant women, and the political strategies that activities are employing to broaden the states' jurisdictional scopes. Through this case study, the author argues that focusing on the gender politics related to international migration can reveal the regulatory limits and the internationalization of the state. 

Vlieger, Antoinette. "Domestic Workers in Saudi Arabia and the Emirates: Trafficking Victims?" International Migration 50.6 (2012): 180-94. Link to Article

Keyword: domestic, workers, Saudi Arabia, Emirates, UAE, victims, domestic workers, human trafficking, Palermo Protocol, Saudi Arabia,  forced confinement, exploitation, migrant workers, intent

In response to Jureidini's article entitled 'Trafficking and Contract Migrant Workers in the Middle East' that discuses the difficulty of establishing whether migrant domestic workers are victims of trafficking, the author argues that migrant domestic workers are often victims of trafficking. The author uses examples of migrants in Saudi Arabia and UAE to articulate his argument concluding with policy suggestions to better address the issue of trafficking.  

"Women Migrant Workers Abused in Saudi Arabia." Wikigender. Link to Webpage

Keyword: women, migrant, workers, abuse, human rights, Saudi Arabia

This report provides details on the conditions of female migrant workers in Saudi Arabia and calls for action to address the issues.