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International Criminal Law 

Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, 15 November 2000 (entered into force 15 November 2000) 2241 U.N.T.S. 507 [Palermo Protocol].

Ratified 2005

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Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, 15 November 2000 (entered into force 15 December 2000) 2237 U.N.T.S 319 [Palermo Protocol]

Ratified 2005

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United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime, 15 November 2000 (entered into force 29 September 2003) 2225 U.N.T.S 209.

Ratified 2005

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Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, 18 December 1979, 1249 U.N.T.S 513 [CEDAW].

Ratified 2006

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Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, 7 March 1966, 660 U.N.T.S 195 [CERD].

Ratified 2003

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Convention on the Rights of the Child, 20 November 1989, 1577 U.N.T.S. 3 [CRC].

Signed 1990, Ratified 1996

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Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UN General Assembly Resolution A/RES/217 A (III), 10 December 1948, Art 14. [UDHR].

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International Humanitarian Law/Law of War 

Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, 12 August 1949 (entered into force 21 October 1950) 75 U.N.T.S. 31 [First Geneva Convention].

Ratified 1974

Link to Conv.

Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea, 12 August 1949 (entered into force 21 October 1950) 75 U.N.T.S. 85 [Second Geneva Convention].

Ratified 1974

Link to Conv.

Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, 12 August 1949 (entered into force 21 October 1950) 75 U.N.T.S. 135 [Third Geneva Convention].
Ratified 1974
Link to Conv.

Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, 12 August 1949 (entered into force 21 October 1950) 75 U.N.T.S. 287 [Fourth Geneva Convention].

Ratified 1974

Link to Conv.

Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts, 8 June 1977 (entered into force Dec. 7, 1978.) 1125 U.N.T.S. 3 [Protocol I].

Ratified 1984

Link to Protocol.

Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts, 8 June 1977 (entered into force 7 December 1978) 1125 U.N.T.S. 609 [Protocol II].

Ratified 1984
Link to Protocol

International Labor Law

ILO Convention C 29 Forced or Compulsory Labour Convention (1932).

Ratified 1998

Link to Conv.

ILO Multilateral Framework on Labour Migration (2005).

Link to Framework

International Trade Law

General Agreement on Trade in Services, 15 April 1994  (entered into force 01 January 1995), L336, p. 191 [GATS].

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Protocol to the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) (Movement of Natural Persons), 16 October, 1995 (entered into force 26 July 1996), L167, P. 43 [Protocol III]

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Below are links to various databases that provide statistics and figures relevant to the movement of people in and out of Oman:  

UNHCR Statistics Database
UNHCR-Stats

Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
IDMC-Oman

Link to Researchers

 Modarres, Ali. “Migration and the Persian Gulf: Demography, Identity, and the Road to Equitable Policies.” Anthropology of the Middle East 5.1 (2010): 1-17. (Summary adapted from resource) Link to Article

Keyword: migration, Persian Gulf, demography, identity, policy 

This article provides an overview of migration to the region, situating it within the larger global emigration/immigration context. By focusing on the various stages of migration and the economic role played by migrants, the article argues for policies that protect the economic, social and political rights of labour migrants. It concludes with recommendations that consider conditions in both the GCC and migrants' countries of origin.

Roper, Steven D., and Lillian A. Barria. “Understanding Variations in Gulf Migration and Labor Practices.” Middle East Law and Governance 6.1 (2014): 32-52. Link to Article

Keyword: Gulf, migration, labor, market, kafala, sponsorship, economy

This article provides an examination of the Kafala system in the GCC and the factors that attribute to the differences in the structure and legal basis of the system, as well as in the application of the system to Arabs and non-Arabs. The authors find that the economy of the GCC is heavily influenced by the type of the Kafala system employed.

Shah, Nasra N. "Restrictive Labour Immigration Policies in the oil-rich Gulf: Effectiveness and Implications for sending Asian countries." Link to Article

Keyword: labor, immigration, policies, oil-rich, gulf, Asia, sending, development

An overview of the GCC's immigration policies and the implications of immigration on sending Asian countries is examined in this paper. 

Zerovec, Mojca, and Marike Bontenbal. "Labor Nationalization Policies in Oman: Implications for Omani and Migration Women Workers." Asia and Pacific Migration Journal 20.3 (2011): 365-387. (Summary adapted from resource) Link to Article

Keyword: Omanization, women, migrants, workers, labor, market, Oman 

This paper focuses on female labor force participation in Oman and examines the implications of Omanization for women in the teaching and nursing professions. The authors carried out empirical research in Muscat to determine how labor nationalization manifests in the workplace and to what extent and in what way Omani and migrant women workers perceive and respond to the effects of the policy. The results of the study highlights the feasibility of labor nationalization policy implementation, and how Omanization policies may lead to a more efficient and effective use of the country's human resources.