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International Criminal Law

Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 10 December 1984 (entered into force 26 June 1987) 1465 U.N.T.S. 85 [CAT].

Signed 1987, Ratified,1998
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Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, 15 November 2000 (entered into force 15 November 2000) 2241 U.N.T.S. 507 [Palermo Protocol].

Signed 2000, Ratified 2003

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Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, 15 November 2000 (entered into force 15 December 2000) 2237 U.N.T.S 319 [Palermo Protocol]

Signed 2000, Ratified 2003

United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime, 15 November 2000 (entered into force 29 September 2003) 2225 U.N.T.S 209.

Signed 2000, Ratified 2003

Slavery Convention, 25 September 1926 (entered into force 7 July 1955), 60 L.N.T.S. 253.

Ratified 1966

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International Human Rights Law

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, 18 December 1979, 1249 U.N.T.S 513 [CEDAW].

Signed 1980, Ratified 1985

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Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, 7 March 1966, 660 U.N.T.S 195 [CERD].

Signed 1966, Ratified 1967

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Convention on the Rights of the Child, 20 November 1989, 1577 U.N.T.S. 3 [CRC].

Signed 1990, Ratified 1992

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International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 16 December 1966, 999 U.N.T.S. 171 [ICCPR].

Ratified 2011

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International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 16 December 1966 (entered into force 3 Jan 1976) 993 U.N.T.S. 3 [ICESCR].

Signed 1968, Ratified 1969

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Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UN General Assembly Resolution A/RES/217 A (III), 10 December 1948, Art 14. [UDHR].

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International Humanitarian Law/Law of War

Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, 12 August 1949 (entered into force 21 October 1950) 75 U.N.T.S. 31 [First Geneva Convention].

Ratified 1957

Link to Conv.

Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea, 12 August 1949 (entered into force 21 October 1950) 75 U.N.T.S. 85 [Second Geneva Convention].

Ratified 1957

Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, 12 August 1949 (entered into force 21 October 1950) 75 U.N.T.S. 135 [Third Geneva Convention].

Ratified 1957

Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, 12 August 1949 (entered into force 21 October 1950) 75 U.N.T.S. 287 [Fourth Geneva Convention].

Ratified 1957

Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts, 8 June 1977 (entered into force Dec. 7, 1978.) 1125 U.N.T.S. 3 [Protocol I].

Signed 1977, Ratified 1979

Link to Protocol.

Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts, 8 June 1977 (entered into force 7 December 1978) 1125 U.N.T.S. 609 [Protocol II].

Signed 1977, Ratified 1979

International Labor Law

ILO Convention C 111 Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention (1958).

Ratified 1959

Link to Conv.

ILO Convention C 29 Forced or Compulsory Labour Convention (1932). Ratified 1962 Link to Conv.

ILO Multilateral Framework on Labour Migration (2005).

Link to Framework

International Refugee Law

Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 28 July 1951, 189 U.N.T.S. 150. [Refugee Convention].

Ratified 1957
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Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, 28 Sept 1954 (entered into force 6 June 1960) 360 U.N.T.S. 117 [Stateless Persons’ Convention].
Ratified 1969
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Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugee, G.A. Treaty Series, Vol. 606, p. 267 (1967). 
Ratified 1968
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International Trade Law

General Agreement on Trade in Services, 15 April 1994  (entered into force 01 January 1995), L336, p. 191 [GATS].

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Protocol to the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) (Movement of Natural Persons), 16 October, 1995 (entered into force 26 July 1996), L167, P. 43 [Protocol III]

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Below are links to various databases that provide statistics and figures relevant to the movement of people in and out of Tunisia:  

UNHCR Statistics Database
UNHCR-Stats

Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
IDMC-Tunisia

Link to Researchers

 Baldwin-Edwards, Martin. "'Between a Rock & and Hard Place': North Africa as a Region of Emigration, Immigration & Transit Migration." Review of African Political Economy 33.108 (2006): 311-324. Link to Article 

Keyword: North Africa, emigration, immigration, transit migration, policy, irregular, movement 

This article describes migration through North Africa, North Africa immigration policies, as well as the failed EU securitization policies that, as the author argues, neglects the fundamental realities of Africa as a new continent of emigration. In this regard, the author further argues that EU polices promote human rights abuses of Africa irregular migrants yet welcomes skilled African migrant. As such, these policies maintain the underdevelopment of Africa. 

Findlay, Allan. "Migration Planning: The Case for Tunisia." Applied Geography 2.3 (1982): 221-30. (Summary adapted from resource) Link to Article

Keyword: migration, planning 

This article provides an analysis of government policies on migration patterns in Tunisia in the absence of a specific policy on internal migration and spatial distribution. The author review possible measures for altering migration pattern and concludes that long term changes in population distribution can only be achieved by specific migration policies that seek to modify the urban bias in the aspiration of migration populations.

Geddes, Andrew. "Governing Migration from a Distance: Interactions Between Climate, Migration and Security in the South Mediterranean." European Security 24.3 (2015): 473-490. Link to Article

keyword: climate change, environment, security, South Mediterranean 

The Article asses the link between the environment, and the security and migration nexus by assessing the EU's external governance policies in the “South Mediterranean Partner Countries” (SMPCs): Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Libya, Morocco, Palestine, Syria, and Tunisia. The author argues that, given the data, migration triggered by climate changes interacts with social, economic and political drivers of migration. He further finds that implications of such movements exposes migrants to further risks and more displacement. 

Holmes-Eber, Paula. "Migration, Urbanization, and Women's Kin Networks in Tunis." Journal of Comparative Family Studies 28.2 (1997): 54-72. Link to Article 

Keyword: women, gender, family relations, Tunis, Tunisia 

This paper explores family relations in Tunisia through an analysis of the kin and social networks of middle and working class Muslim women in the capital city of Tunis. The data is based on interviews and observations of immigrant and non-immigrant Arab women and their families in the greater Tunis. 

Natter, Katharina. "Fifty Years of Maghreb Emigration: How States Shaped Algerian, Moroccan and Tunisian Emigration." International Migration Institute 95 (2014). Link to Article

Keyword: Maghreb, Emigration, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia 

This paper traces the emigration pattern of Algerians, Tunisians and Moroccans to Europe since the 1960s, focusing on three distinct phases in which Maghreb converge and diverge. These phases are: post-independence when emigration boomed; mid 1970s-1990s when Algerian emigration leveled off while emigration from Tunisia and morocco remained high; and the 1990s when Moroccan emigration increased exponentially while Tunisian and Algerian emigration grew moderately. The paper focuses on internal and external factors that implicated these emigration patterns.